11-23-2016, 10:20 PM
*** 24-Nov-16 World View -- How the First Thanksgiving led to American independence
This morning's key headlines from GenerationalDynamics.com
****
**** The First Thanksgiving -- The Pilgrims meet the Wampanoag Indians
****
![[Image: g161123b.jpg]](http://www.GenerationalDynamics.com/ww2010/g161123b.jpg)
The First Thanksgiving
In the year 1600, throughout what is now the United States, it's
estimated that there were some 2 million Indians within 600 tribes
speaking 500 languages. What happened, starting at that time, was a
"clash of civilizations" between European culture of the colonists and
the indigenous culture of the Indians. These cultures were so
different that haven't yet merged even today, inasmuch as many Indian
tribes still live separately on reservations. It's ironic that the
American "melting pot" has merged so many cultures, but has not yet
entirely merged the preexisting Native American cultures.
As with all tribes and ethnic groups in all places around the world,
there were undoubtedly many brutal wars among the 600 tribes of the
time. If there had never been any colonists, then the Indian tribes
would have fought wars of extermination with each other, and probably
today there would be one major tribe that was running the entire
country, with other smaller tribes marginalized and discriminated
against, perhaps even in reservations.
In this story, we're going to focus on just one Indian tribes: The
Wampanoag tribe that occupied what is now southeastern Massachusetts
(where Plymouth Rock is).
There is some historical evidence that there was a major war among the
Wampanoag tribe and the Narragansett tribe that occupied what is now
Rhode Island, and the Mohawk tribe (part of the Iroquois) of upstate
New York. This war occurred in the years preceding the colonists'
arrival at Plymouth Rock, probably in the 1590s. The Wampanoag and the
Narragansett tribes were particularly devastated and weakened by that
conflict.
So, when the pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620, in the midst
of the Wampanoag tribe during a generational Awakening era (like
America in the 1960-70s), the Indians were still war-weary, and were
quite friendly to the pilgrims. There were even some Indians who,
astonishingly, spoke English because they had been kidnapped by an
English sea captain and sold into slavery, but escaped in London. One
of them, Squanto, helped the pilgrims learn to hunt, fish and survive.
The pilgrims, led by Governor William Bradford, and the Wampanoags,
led by chief Massasoit, developed a warm relationship. In November
1621, after the successful corn harvest, they celebrated with a feast
now remembered as "America's First Thanksgiving."
Thanksgiving has been celebrated annually since then, and in 1863,
President Abraham Lincoln made it a national holiday.
****
**** The fur trade with Britain and Europe
****
The Pilgrims were committed to have nothing to do with the English
King and parliament. They had signed the Mayflower Compact, where
they agreed that they would be governed by the will of the majority.
They could provide for themselves, and they were friendly with the
Indians.
This friendliness extended to trade. Before long, there was a mutually
beneficial financial arrangement between the Indians and the
colonists. The colonists acted as intermediaries through whom the
Indians developed a thriving business selling furs and pelts to the
English and European markets, and they used the considerable money
they earned to purchase imported manufactured goods.
****
**** King Philip's war
****
By the 1660s, the Wampanoag tribal society had entered a generational
Crisis era, and relationships between the colonists and the Indians
began to deteriorate.
William Bradford had died in 1657, and Massasoit died in 1661. The
personal ties between these leaders had vanished, and younger
generations of colonists and Indians rose to power with personal
friendships replaced by mutual xenophobia.
A generational Crisis era is usually accompanied by a major financial
crisis -- that's certainly true in the world today. Things
really began to turn sour in the 1660s because styles and
fashions changed in England and in Europe. Suddenly, furs and pelts
went out of style, and the major source of revenue for the Indians
almost disappeared. This resulted in a financial crisis for the
Indians, and for the colonists as well, since they were the
intermediaries in sales to the Indians. Then and now, a financial
crisis only feeds into and increases xenophobia, racism and
nationalism, as different societies, races and nations blame each
other for the financial crisis.
Massasoit was replaced as Wampanoag chief by his youngest son,
Metacomet, who was nicknamed "King Philip" by the colonists.
Relations between King Philip and the colonists worsened, and things
came to a head in 1671, when King Philip himself was tried for a
series of Indian hostilities, and required by the court to surrender
all of his arms. He complied by surrendering only a portion of them.
Relations continued to deteriorate, and King Philip's War began in
1675, with Philip's attack on the colonists on Cape Cod. The war was
extremely savage and engulfed the Indians and the colonists from Rhode
Island to Maine. There were atrocities on both sides, and the war
ended with King Philip's head displayed on stick. His wife and child
were sold into slavery.
This was the most devastating war in American history on a percentage
basis, with 800 of the 52,000 colonists killed. (It was devastating
for the Indians as well.)
****
**** Aftermath of King Philip's War
****
After the devastating, people began to ask: Why weren't English
soldiers here to defend us?
That brings us back to the Mayflower Compact, signed in 1620, which
guaranteed that local government would be independent of the English
Crown. The colonists had thought they would build their new community
without outside interference, with their own rules and their own
self-government.
After the devastation of King Philip's war, they felt forced to
acquiesce completely to English rule. All home rule was dissolved and
Governors would be appointed from London. British troops would
protect the colonists from the Indians and the French, and colonists
would pay taxes to the Crown in return.
****
**** The Great Awakening of the 1730-40s
****
Anyone who was around during America's Awakening era of the 1960s and
1970s will recall the "televangelists" -- people like Herbert
W. Armstrong, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, Jerry Falwell, Jimmy
Swaggart, Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and dozens of others.
A similar thing happened in the 1730s-40s. Historians have named this
period "The Great Awakening in American history," and in fact the
phrase "generational Awakening era" was derived from this historical
name.
Just as America's youthful Boomers were rebelling against their
parents in the 1960s, the colonists' young generations in the 1730s
were rebelling against everything English, including the Church of
England, known as the Anglican Church in the colonies.
The issue of government by the English Crown was a divisive issue at
that time. The older generations had ceded power to London in return
for the protection of the English army. The younger generations
rebelled against giving all this power to the Crown.
The Anglican Church never did have much success in establishing
religious control in the colonies, as congregations of Puritans,
Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers and many other
religions sprang up in the colonies from the beginning, and had to
compete with one another for followers.
Starting in the 1730s, something brand new came about -- something we
recognize today in the form of "televangelists." Various preachers
went from city to city, telling thousands of rapt listeners that they
would be punished for their sinfulness, but could be saved by the
mercy of an all-powerful God. To take one example, John Wesley, born
in 1703, created the Methodist religion, and traveled on horseback
throughout the country for years, stopping along the way to preach
three or four sermons each day.
The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s was not just a religious
revival; it was also an act of rebellion against the older generation
that favored control by the British in return for protection. By
rejecting the Anglican Church, the young colonists were symbolically
rejecting British control.
****
**** The Revolutionary War -- 1772-1782
****
All the contradictions and compromises that were forced upon the
colonists following the devastation of King Philip's War came to a
head in the Revolutionary War. In particular, the taxes that England
had levied against the colonies to pay for protection from the Indians
and the French led to colonist demands for "No taxation without
representation!", the catchphrase for pre-Revolutionary days.
By the 1760s, the British were moving to consolidate their control
over America as a British colony. In particular, the Sugar Act and
Currency Act of 1764 were imposed in order to prevent the colonies
from trading with any foreign country except through England as an
intermediary. The Stamp Act of 1765 was enacted to recover at least a
fraction of the money England had to spend to maintain its military
forces in the colonies.
These moves by England hardly seem unreasonable. The colonies were
expensive children, and like a parent expecting his children to pay a
little rent, England had a right to expect the colonists to pay for a
portion of the cost of protecting them.
But the pressure for revolution had been building for a long time.
The Stamp Act was particularly galling. All printed documents,
including newspapers, broadsides and even legal documents, had to have
a stamp affixed, with the cost of the stamp being paid to England.
An underground terrorist group called the Sons of Liberty was formed.
This group used violence to terrorize Stamp Act agents and British
traders in numerous towns. However, violence was rare: colonial
opposition was designed to be non-violent. The colonies formed a
"Stamp Act congress" to call for repeal. English imports were
boycotted. The English sought to contain the problem and compromise.
As a result, the Stamp Act was repealed by 1766.
However, England was still trying to find a way to collect revenue
from the colonies without engendering riots, but they never
succeeded. In 1767, England passed the Townshend Acts, imposing
further taxes on goods imported to the colonies. Four more years of
increasingly virulent protests forced England to repeal the taxes in
1771.
There's no question that England was doing everything it could to
compromise and contain the situation. When occasional violence broke
out, it was contained. In the most well-known incident, the 1770
Boston Massacre, where British soldiers fired into a crowd and killed
five colonists, two of the soldiers were tried and convicted, and
tensions were relieved again.
By 1771, all taxes had been repealed except a tax on importation of
tea, and even that tax was often evaded. From a purely objective
view, the colonists really had few major grievances at this time.
However, a financial crisis occurred in July 1772, when the English
banking system suffered a major crash. Many colonial businesses were
in debt to the English banks, and were suddenly unable to obtain
further credit, forcing them to liquidate their inventories, thus
ending their businesses.
In May 1773, The English Parliament passed a new Tea Act, and in
December 1773, a group of Boston activists dumped 342 casks of English
tea into Boston Harbor.
The Boston Tea Party can hardly be called a major act of violence.
Tea was expensive, of course, 342 casks of English tea shouldn't have
been something to cause a war.
Nonetheless, the Boston Tea Party, has become world famous. It was so
electrifying at the time that it surprised and shocked both the
colonies and England. After that, one provocation after another on
both sides finally led to war.
The furious English Parliament passed a series of "Coercive Acts" to
dismantle the colonial Massachusetts government, close the port of
Boston, and control the hostilities. This was tantamount to a
declaration of war. With positions on both sides becoming
increasingly hardened, war was not far off.
Hostilities actually began in April 1775, when the colonial minutemen
attacked the British forces following the midnight ride of Paul
Revere. The separation became official on July 4, 1776, when the
Continental Congress endorsed the Declaration of Independence.
The war continued until November 30, 1782, when American and British
representatives signed a peace agreement recognizing American
independence.
****
**** Aftermath of the Revolutionary War
****
The end of the Revolutionary War didn't mean the end of the American
crisis. There were still grave doubts as to whether the Union could
survive. The colonies had formed a very weak Confederation, which
left each former colony largely autonomous, adopting its own
currencies, taxes, laws and rules. The economy suffered a major
recession in 1786, resulting in severe acts of terrorism by bankrupt
farmers and businessmen -- acts that couldn't be controlled since the
terrorists could not be pursued across state lines because there was
no federal army. The crisis did not end until 1790, after the
Constitution was ratified and George Washington became president.
A generational crisis war is so horrific that the survivors, both the
winners and losers, are willing to make compromises to make sure that
nothing like it happens again. The survivors of King Philip's War had
agreed to a compromise that allowed Britain to rule the colonies and
collect taxes in return for the protection of the British army. That
compromise became the issue that led to the next crisis war, the
Revolutionary War.
The Revolutionary War was also resolved with a major compromise -- one
that permitted slavery to exist in the South, though it was made
illegal in the Northern states. The slavery compromise was necessary
to create the nation in the first place. But it was also the seed
that grew into the issue that almost destroyed the nation in the next
generational crisis war -- the American Civil War.
Note: This material was adapted from Chapter 2 of my book,
Generational Dynamics - Forecasting America's Destiny, which is
available as a free PDF from my download page, http://generationaldynamics.com/download
KEYS: Generational Dynamics, Pilgrims, Wampanoag Indians,
Plymouth Rock, First Thanksgiving, Massasoit, William Bradford,
Metacomet, King Philip, King Philip's War, Mayflower Compact,
Church of England, Anglican Church, John Wesley, Methodists,
Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers,
Great Awakening, Sons of Liberty, Stamp Act, Boston Massacre,
Tea Act, Boston Tea Party, Revolutionary War, Coercive Acts,
Paul Revere, Declaration of Independence, American Civil War
Permanent web link to this article
Receive daily World View columns by e-mail
Contribute to Generational Dynamics via PayPal
John J. Xenakis
100 Memorial Drive Apt 8-13A
Cambridge, MA 02142
Phone: 617-864-0010
E-mail: john@GenerationalDynamics.com
Web site: http://www.GenerationalDynamics.com
Forum: http://www.gdxforum.com/forum
Subscribe to World View: http://generationaldynamics.com/subscribe
This morning's key headlines from GenerationalDynamics.com
- The First Thanksgiving -- The Pilgrims meet the Wampanoag Indians
- The fur trade with Britain and Europe
- King Philip's war
- Aftermath of King Philip's War
- The Great Awakening of the 1730-40s
- The Revolutionary War -- 1772-1782
- Aftermath of the Revolutionary War
****
**** The First Thanksgiving -- The Pilgrims meet the Wampanoag Indians
****
The First Thanksgiving
In the year 1600, throughout what is now the United States, it's
estimated that there were some 2 million Indians within 600 tribes
speaking 500 languages. What happened, starting at that time, was a
"clash of civilizations" between European culture of the colonists and
the indigenous culture of the Indians. These cultures were so
different that haven't yet merged even today, inasmuch as many Indian
tribes still live separately on reservations. It's ironic that the
American "melting pot" has merged so many cultures, but has not yet
entirely merged the preexisting Native American cultures.
As with all tribes and ethnic groups in all places around the world,
there were undoubtedly many brutal wars among the 600 tribes of the
time. If there had never been any colonists, then the Indian tribes
would have fought wars of extermination with each other, and probably
today there would be one major tribe that was running the entire
country, with other smaller tribes marginalized and discriminated
against, perhaps even in reservations.
In this story, we're going to focus on just one Indian tribes: The
Wampanoag tribe that occupied what is now southeastern Massachusetts
(where Plymouth Rock is).
There is some historical evidence that there was a major war among the
Wampanoag tribe and the Narragansett tribe that occupied what is now
Rhode Island, and the Mohawk tribe (part of the Iroquois) of upstate
New York. This war occurred in the years preceding the colonists'
arrival at Plymouth Rock, probably in the 1590s. The Wampanoag and the
Narragansett tribes were particularly devastated and weakened by that
conflict.
So, when the pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620, in the midst
of the Wampanoag tribe during a generational Awakening era (like
America in the 1960-70s), the Indians were still war-weary, and were
quite friendly to the pilgrims. There were even some Indians who,
astonishingly, spoke English because they had been kidnapped by an
English sea captain and sold into slavery, but escaped in London. One
of them, Squanto, helped the pilgrims learn to hunt, fish and survive.
The pilgrims, led by Governor William Bradford, and the Wampanoags,
led by chief Massasoit, developed a warm relationship. In November
1621, after the successful corn harvest, they celebrated with a feast
now remembered as "America's First Thanksgiving."
Thanksgiving has been celebrated annually since then, and in 1863,
President Abraham Lincoln made it a national holiday.
****
**** The fur trade with Britain and Europe
****
The Pilgrims were committed to have nothing to do with the English
King and parliament. They had signed the Mayflower Compact, where
they agreed that they would be governed by the will of the majority.
They could provide for themselves, and they were friendly with the
Indians.
This friendliness extended to trade. Before long, there was a mutually
beneficial financial arrangement between the Indians and the
colonists. The colonists acted as intermediaries through whom the
Indians developed a thriving business selling furs and pelts to the
English and European markets, and they used the considerable money
they earned to purchase imported manufactured goods.
****
**** King Philip's war
****
By the 1660s, the Wampanoag tribal society had entered a generational
Crisis era, and relationships between the colonists and the Indians
began to deteriorate.
William Bradford had died in 1657, and Massasoit died in 1661. The
personal ties between these leaders had vanished, and younger
generations of colonists and Indians rose to power with personal
friendships replaced by mutual xenophobia.
A generational Crisis era is usually accompanied by a major financial
crisis -- that's certainly true in the world today. Things
really began to turn sour in the 1660s because styles and
fashions changed in England and in Europe. Suddenly, furs and pelts
went out of style, and the major source of revenue for the Indians
almost disappeared. This resulted in a financial crisis for the
Indians, and for the colonists as well, since they were the
intermediaries in sales to the Indians. Then and now, a financial
crisis only feeds into and increases xenophobia, racism and
nationalism, as different societies, races and nations blame each
other for the financial crisis.
Massasoit was replaced as Wampanoag chief by his youngest son,
Metacomet, who was nicknamed "King Philip" by the colonists.
Relations between King Philip and the colonists worsened, and things
came to a head in 1671, when King Philip himself was tried for a
series of Indian hostilities, and required by the court to surrender
all of his arms. He complied by surrendering only a portion of them.
Relations continued to deteriorate, and King Philip's War began in
1675, with Philip's attack on the colonists on Cape Cod. The war was
extremely savage and engulfed the Indians and the colonists from Rhode
Island to Maine. There were atrocities on both sides, and the war
ended with King Philip's head displayed on stick. His wife and child
were sold into slavery.
This was the most devastating war in American history on a percentage
basis, with 800 of the 52,000 colonists killed. (It was devastating
for the Indians as well.)
****
**** Aftermath of King Philip's War
****
After the devastating, people began to ask: Why weren't English
soldiers here to defend us?
That brings us back to the Mayflower Compact, signed in 1620, which
guaranteed that local government would be independent of the English
Crown. The colonists had thought they would build their new community
without outside interference, with their own rules and their own
self-government.
After the devastation of King Philip's war, they felt forced to
acquiesce completely to English rule. All home rule was dissolved and
Governors would be appointed from London. British troops would
protect the colonists from the Indians and the French, and colonists
would pay taxes to the Crown in return.
****
**** The Great Awakening of the 1730-40s
****
Anyone who was around during America's Awakening era of the 1960s and
1970s will recall the "televangelists" -- people like Herbert
W. Armstrong, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, Jerry Falwell, Jimmy
Swaggart, Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and dozens of others.
A similar thing happened in the 1730s-40s. Historians have named this
period "The Great Awakening in American history," and in fact the
phrase "generational Awakening era" was derived from this historical
name.
Just as America's youthful Boomers were rebelling against their
parents in the 1960s, the colonists' young generations in the 1730s
were rebelling against everything English, including the Church of
England, known as the Anglican Church in the colonies.
The issue of government by the English Crown was a divisive issue at
that time. The older generations had ceded power to London in return
for the protection of the English army. The younger generations
rebelled against giving all this power to the Crown.
The Anglican Church never did have much success in establishing
religious control in the colonies, as congregations of Puritans,
Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers and many other
religions sprang up in the colonies from the beginning, and had to
compete with one another for followers.
Starting in the 1730s, something brand new came about -- something we
recognize today in the form of "televangelists." Various preachers
went from city to city, telling thousands of rapt listeners that they
would be punished for their sinfulness, but could be saved by the
mercy of an all-powerful God. To take one example, John Wesley, born
in 1703, created the Methodist religion, and traveled on horseback
throughout the country for years, stopping along the way to preach
three or four sermons each day.
The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s was not just a religious
revival; it was also an act of rebellion against the older generation
that favored control by the British in return for protection. By
rejecting the Anglican Church, the young colonists were symbolically
rejecting British control.
****
**** The Revolutionary War -- 1772-1782
****
All the contradictions and compromises that were forced upon the
colonists following the devastation of King Philip's War came to a
head in the Revolutionary War. In particular, the taxes that England
had levied against the colonies to pay for protection from the Indians
and the French led to colonist demands for "No taxation without
representation!", the catchphrase for pre-Revolutionary days.
By the 1760s, the British were moving to consolidate their control
over America as a British colony. In particular, the Sugar Act and
Currency Act of 1764 were imposed in order to prevent the colonies
from trading with any foreign country except through England as an
intermediary. The Stamp Act of 1765 was enacted to recover at least a
fraction of the money England had to spend to maintain its military
forces in the colonies.
These moves by England hardly seem unreasonable. The colonies were
expensive children, and like a parent expecting his children to pay a
little rent, England had a right to expect the colonists to pay for a
portion of the cost of protecting them.
But the pressure for revolution had been building for a long time.
The Stamp Act was particularly galling. All printed documents,
including newspapers, broadsides and even legal documents, had to have
a stamp affixed, with the cost of the stamp being paid to England.
An underground terrorist group called the Sons of Liberty was formed.
This group used violence to terrorize Stamp Act agents and British
traders in numerous towns. However, violence was rare: colonial
opposition was designed to be non-violent. The colonies formed a
"Stamp Act congress" to call for repeal. English imports were
boycotted. The English sought to contain the problem and compromise.
As a result, the Stamp Act was repealed by 1766.
However, England was still trying to find a way to collect revenue
from the colonies without engendering riots, but they never
succeeded. In 1767, England passed the Townshend Acts, imposing
further taxes on goods imported to the colonies. Four more years of
increasingly virulent protests forced England to repeal the taxes in
1771.
There's no question that England was doing everything it could to
compromise and contain the situation. When occasional violence broke
out, it was contained. In the most well-known incident, the 1770
Boston Massacre, where British soldiers fired into a crowd and killed
five colonists, two of the soldiers were tried and convicted, and
tensions were relieved again.
By 1771, all taxes had been repealed except a tax on importation of
tea, and even that tax was often evaded. From a purely objective
view, the colonists really had few major grievances at this time.
However, a financial crisis occurred in July 1772, when the English
banking system suffered a major crash. Many colonial businesses were
in debt to the English banks, and were suddenly unable to obtain
further credit, forcing them to liquidate their inventories, thus
ending their businesses.
In May 1773, The English Parliament passed a new Tea Act, and in
December 1773, a group of Boston activists dumped 342 casks of English
tea into Boston Harbor.
The Boston Tea Party can hardly be called a major act of violence.
Tea was expensive, of course, 342 casks of English tea shouldn't have
been something to cause a war.
Nonetheless, the Boston Tea Party, has become world famous. It was so
electrifying at the time that it surprised and shocked both the
colonies and England. After that, one provocation after another on
both sides finally led to war.
The furious English Parliament passed a series of "Coercive Acts" to
dismantle the colonial Massachusetts government, close the port of
Boston, and control the hostilities. This was tantamount to a
declaration of war. With positions on both sides becoming
increasingly hardened, war was not far off.
Hostilities actually began in April 1775, when the colonial minutemen
attacked the British forces following the midnight ride of Paul
Revere. The separation became official on July 4, 1776, when the
Continental Congress endorsed the Declaration of Independence.
The war continued until November 30, 1782, when American and British
representatives signed a peace agreement recognizing American
independence.
****
**** Aftermath of the Revolutionary War
****
The end of the Revolutionary War didn't mean the end of the American
crisis. There were still grave doubts as to whether the Union could
survive. The colonies had formed a very weak Confederation, which
left each former colony largely autonomous, adopting its own
currencies, taxes, laws and rules. The economy suffered a major
recession in 1786, resulting in severe acts of terrorism by bankrupt
farmers and businessmen -- acts that couldn't be controlled since the
terrorists could not be pursued across state lines because there was
no federal army. The crisis did not end until 1790, after the
Constitution was ratified and George Washington became president.
A generational crisis war is so horrific that the survivors, both the
winners and losers, are willing to make compromises to make sure that
nothing like it happens again. The survivors of King Philip's War had
agreed to a compromise that allowed Britain to rule the colonies and
collect taxes in return for the protection of the British army. That
compromise became the issue that led to the next crisis war, the
Revolutionary War.
The Revolutionary War was also resolved with a major compromise -- one
that permitted slavery to exist in the South, though it was made
illegal in the Northern states. The slavery compromise was necessary
to create the nation in the first place. But it was also the seed
that grew into the issue that almost destroyed the nation in the next
generational crisis war -- the American Civil War.
Note: This material was adapted from Chapter 2 of my book,
Generational Dynamics - Forecasting America's Destiny, which is
available as a free PDF from my download page, http://generationaldynamics.com/download
KEYS: Generational Dynamics, Pilgrims, Wampanoag Indians,
Plymouth Rock, First Thanksgiving, Massasoit, William Bradford,
Metacomet, King Philip, King Philip's War, Mayflower Compact,
Church of England, Anglican Church, John Wesley, Methodists,
Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers,
Great Awakening, Sons of Liberty, Stamp Act, Boston Massacre,
Tea Act, Boston Tea Party, Revolutionary War, Coercive Acts,
Paul Revere, Declaration of Independence, American Civil War
Permanent web link to this article
Receive daily World View columns by e-mail
Contribute to Generational Dynamics via PayPal
John J. Xenakis
100 Memorial Drive Apt 8-13A
Cambridge, MA 02142
Phone: 617-864-0010
E-mail: john@GenerationalDynamics.com
Web site: http://www.GenerationalDynamics.com
Forum: http://www.gdxforum.com/forum
Subscribe to World View: http://generationaldynamics.com/subscribe
