05-14-2019, 10:37 AM
Small-town mayor in Mississippi - but the first African-American female mayor of any town in Mississippi:
Unita Zelma Blackwell (March 18, 1933 – May 13, 2019) was an American civil rights activist who was the first African American woman, and the tenth African American, to be elected mayor in the U.S. state of Mississippi.[1] Blackwell was a project director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and helped organize voter drives for African Americans across Mississippi. She was also a founder of the US China Peoples Friendship Association, a group dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China. Barefootin', Blackwell's autobiography, published in 2006, charts her activism.[2]
Blackwell first got involved in the Civil Rights Movement in June 1964, when two activists from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to Mayersville and held meetings in the church she belonged to concerning African Americans' right to vote.[18] The following week she and seven others went to the courthouse to take a voter registration test so that they could vote.[19][20] While they were outside the courthouse waiting to take the test, a group of white farmers from the area heard what was happening and tried to scare them off.[19] The group stayed there all day, but only two were able to take the test. The racism that the group experienced, Blackwell says, made that day "the turning point" of her life.[21] Jeremiah and Unita lost their jobs the next day after their employer found out that they had been part of the group.[22] After losing her job, Blackwell recounts her family's means of survival:
When the United States Commission on Civil Rights came to Mississippi in January 1965, Blackwell testified in front of them about her experiences with voter discrimination:[24]
SNCC and other movements
After meeting Fannie Lou Hamer in the summer of 1964 and hearing her experiences in the Civil Rights Movement, Blackwell decided to join the SNCC.[27] As a project director for the SNCC, she organized voter registration drives across Mississippi.[28] Later that year, she became a member on the executive committee of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which provided a party for voters that SNCC had been registering to vote.[4][11][29] In late August she and 67 other elected MFDP delegates traveled to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, intending to get the MFDP seated as "the only democratically constituted delegation from Mississippi."[30][31] They were eventually offered two at-large seats but refused that compromise; the event, particularly Hamer's nationally televised testimony before the credentialing committee, brought the party and the Mississippi civil rights movement into the public eye.[30][32]
Blackwell was involved in the introduction of Head Start for black children in 1965 in the Mississippi Delta, a project led by Child Development Group of Mississippi.[33][34]
In the late 1960s Blackwell worked as a community development specialist with the National Council of Negro Women. In the 1970s, through the National Council of Negro Women, she worked on a development program for low-income housing and encouraged people across the country "to build their own homes."[11] During her time participating in the Civil Rights Movement, she was jailed over 70 times because of her role in civil rights protests and other actions.[26]
Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education
![[Image: 100px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/100px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png)
The Blackwells filed a suit, Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education, against the Issaquena County Board of Education on April 1, 1965, after the principal suspended over 300 black children, including Jerry, the Blackwells' son, for wearing pins that depicted a black hand and a white hand clasped with the word "SNCC" below them.[35] The suit covered several issues including the students' use of the "freedom pins", and asked that the Issaquena County School District desegregate their schools per the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.[36] The United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi decided that the students were being disruptive with their use of the freedom pins, but that the school district had to desegregate their schools to comply with federal law, by the Fall of 1965.[37] The case was taken to the United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit in July 1966, where the previous decision by the District Court was upheld.[38] Due to the case resulting in a desegregation plan, Blackwell referred to it as "one of the very first desegregation cases in Mississippi."[39]
Blackwell's son and approximately 50 other children boycotted the school, because of its decision to not let the children wear the SNCC freedom pins.[40] As a result, Blackwell and some other activists in the community decided that it was vital to school those children. She helped open freedom schools in Issaquena County to resolve the issue.[41] The schools became popular and continued to teach classes every summer until 1970, when the local schools finally desegregated.[42]
Starting in 1973, Blackwell was a part of 16 diplomatic trips to China.[43] As part of her commitment to better relations between the United States and China, she served for six years as president of the US-China Peoples Friendship Association, an association dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China.[11] In 1979 Blackwell was appointed to the U.S. National Commission on the International Year of the Child.[8] She was elected mayor of Mayersville, Mississippi in 1976 and held this office until 2001, making her the first female African-American mayor in Mississippi.[44]
As mayor, she oversaw the construction of several sets of public housing, the first time that federal housing had been built in Issaquena County.[43][45] Blackwell obtained federal grant money that provided Mayersville with police and fire protection, a public water system, paved streets, housing accommodations for the elderly and disabled, and other infrastructure.[11] She gained national attention by traveling across the country to promote the construction of low-income housing.[26]
Blackwell also served on the Democratic National Committee and as co-chairman of the Mississippi Democratic Party.[46] The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party sent Blackwell and 67 other delegates to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in New Jersey.[26][47] Their voices heard at the convention helped contribute to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[26] In late 1982 Blackwell went to the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and received a Master of Regional Planning.[43] Although Blackwell did not attend high school, the National Rural Fellows Program helped her gain admittance to the University of Massachusetts by awarding her a scholarship and providing her credit based on her activism and life experience.[11]
As part of her community development efforts, she helped found Mississippi Action for Community Education (MACE), a community-development organization in Greenville, Mississippi.[48] From 1990 to 1992, Blackwell was president of the National Conference of Black Mayors.[49] In 1991, she co-founded the Black Women Mayors' Conference as a corollary to the National Conference of Black Mayors and served as its first president.[11] Blackwell became a voice for rural housing and development, and in 1979 President Jimmy Carter invited her to an energy summit at Camp David. Blackwell was also awarded a $350,000 MacArthur Fellowship genius grant in 1992, for her part in creating the Deer River housing development among other creative solutions to housing and infrastructure problems in her state.[43][50] Blackwell ran for Congress in 1993, but she was defeated by Bennie Thompson in the primary.[11]
Blackwell, with help from JoAnne Prichard Morris, wrote an autobiography, Barefootin': Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom, that covers her life working as a sharecropper for her parents, being elected mayor of Mayersville causing her rise from "Poverty to Power", and her actions in the Civil Rights Movement. It was published in 2006.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unita_Blackwell
Unita Zelma Blackwell (March 18, 1933 – May 13, 2019) was an American civil rights activist who was the first African American woman, and the tenth African American, to be elected mayor in the U.S. state of Mississippi.[1] Blackwell was a project director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and helped organize voter drives for African Americans across Mississippi. She was also a founder of the US China Peoples Friendship Association, a group dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China. Barefootin', Blackwell's autobiography, published in 2006, charts her activism.[2]
Blackwell first got involved in the Civil Rights Movement in June 1964, when two activists from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to Mayersville and held meetings in the church she belonged to concerning African Americans' right to vote.[18] The following week she and seven others went to the courthouse to take a voter registration test so that they could vote.[19][20] While they were outside the courthouse waiting to take the test, a group of white farmers from the area heard what was happening and tried to scare them off.[19] The group stayed there all day, but only two were able to take the test. The racism that the group experienced, Blackwell says, made that day "the turning point" of her life.[21] Jeremiah and Unita lost their jobs the next day after their employer found out that they had been part of the group.[22] After losing her job, Blackwell recounts her family's means of survival:
Quote:We had a garden; people would give us a pot of beans ... SNCC was supposed to send us eleven dollars every two weeks. My husband worked three months of the year for the Army Corps of Engineers, then we'd buy lots of canned goodsBlackwell attempted to pass the test three times over the next few months. In early fall she took the test successfully and became a registered voter.[23]
— Unita Blackwell[17]
When the United States Commission on Civil Rights came to Mississippi in January 1965, Blackwell testified in front of them about her experiences with voter discrimination:[24]
Quote:I filled it out and I had section 97 and I wrote it down and looked it over and I picked some of the words out of, you know, what I had wrote down; put that in there and turned it over. And I misspelled 'length' and I said 'Oh, my Lord.' And so then I filled out the rest of it and when I got through I handed it to her, and I said 'Well, I misspelled this, and well, I didn't date the top,' and she said 'Oh, that's all right, it's all right, it's all right.' And then she ran and got the book and [registered me].As a result of Blackwell's involvement with voter registration campaigns, she and other activists endured constant harassment.[26]
— Unita Blackwell[25]
SNCC and other movements
After meeting Fannie Lou Hamer in the summer of 1964 and hearing her experiences in the Civil Rights Movement, Blackwell decided to join the SNCC.[27] As a project director for the SNCC, she organized voter registration drives across Mississippi.[28] Later that year, she became a member on the executive committee of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which provided a party for voters that SNCC had been registering to vote.[4][11][29] In late August she and 67 other elected MFDP delegates traveled to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, intending to get the MFDP seated as "the only democratically constituted delegation from Mississippi."[30][31] They were eventually offered two at-large seats but refused that compromise; the event, particularly Hamer's nationally televised testimony before the credentialing committee, brought the party and the Mississippi civil rights movement into the public eye.[30][32]
Blackwell was involved in the introduction of Head Start for black children in 1965 in the Mississippi Delta, a project led by Child Development Group of Mississippi.[33][34]
In the late 1960s Blackwell worked as a community development specialist with the National Council of Negro Women. In the 1970s, through the National Council of Negro Women, she worked on a development program for low-income housing and encouraged people across the country "to build their own homes."[11] During her time participating in the Civil Rights Movement, she was jailed over 70 times because of her role in civil rights protests and other actions.[26]
Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education
![[Image: 100px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_SNCC.svg)
The Blackwells filed a suit, Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education, against the Issaquena County Board of Education on April 1, 1965, after the principal suspended over 300 black children, including Jerry, the Blackwells' son, for wearing pins that depicted a black hand and a white hand clasped with the word "SNCC" below them.[35] The suit covered several issues including the students' use of the "freedom pins", and asked that the Issaquena County School District desegregate their schools per the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.[36] The United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi decided that the students were being disruptive with their use of the freedom pins, but that the school district had to desegregate their schools to comply with federal law, by the Fall of 1965.[37] The case was taken to the United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit in July 1966, where the previous decision by the District Court was upheld.[38] Due to the case resulting in a desegregation plan, Blackwell referred to it as "one of the very first desegregation cases in Mississippi."[39]
Blackwell's son and approximately 50 other children boycotted the school, because of its decision to not let the children wear the SNCC freedom pins.[40] As a result, Blackwell and some other activists in the community decided that it was vital to school those children. She helped open freedom schools in Issaquena County to resolve the issue.[41] The schools became popular and continued to teach classes every summer until 1970, when the local schools finally desegregated.[42]
Starting in 1973, Blackwell was a part of 16 diplomatic trips to China.[43] As part of her commitment to better relations between the United States and China, she served for six years as president of the US-China Peoples Friendship Association, an association dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China.[11] In 1979 Blackwell was appointed to the U.S. National Commission on the International Year of the Child.[8] She was elected mayor of Mayersville, Mississippi in 1976 and held this office until 2001, making her the first female African-American mayor in Mississippi.[44]
As mayor, she oversaw the construction of several sets of public housing, the first time that federal housing had been built in Issaquena County.[43][45] Blackwell obtained federal grant money that provided Mayersville with police and fire protection, a public water system, paved streets, housing accommodations for the elderly and disabled, and other infrastructure.[11] She gained national attention by traveling across the country to promote the construction of low-income housing.[26]
Blackwell also served on the Democratic National Committee and as co-chairman of the Mississippi Democratic Party.[46] The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party sent Blackwell and 67 other delegates to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in New Jersey.[26][47] Their voices heard at the convention helped contribute to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[26] In late 1982 Blackwell went to the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and received a Master of Regional Planning.[43] Although Blackwell did not attend high school, the National Rural Fellows Program helped her gain admittance to the University of Massachusetts by awarding her a scholarship and providing her credit based on her activism and life experience.[11]
As part of her community development efforts, she helped found Mississippi Action for Community Education (MACE), a community-development organization in Greenville, Mississippi.[48] From 1990 to 1992, Blackwell was president of the National Conference of Black Mayors.[49] In 1991, she co-founded the Black Women Mayors' Conference as a corollary to the National Conference of Black Mayors and served as its first president.[11] Blackwell became a voice for rural housing and development, and in 1979 President Jimmy Carter invited her to an energy summit at Camp David. Blackwell was also awarded a $350,000 MacArthur Fellowship genius grant in 1992, for her part in creating the Deer River housing development among other creative solutions to housing and infrastructure problems in her state.[43][50] Blackwell ran for Congress in 1993, but she was defeated by Bennie Thompson in the primary.[11]
Blackwell, with help from JoAnne Prichard Morris, wrote an autobiography, Barefootin': Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom, that covers her life working as a sharecropper for her parents, being elected mayor of Mayersville causing her rise from "Poverty to Power", and her actions in the Civil Rights Movement. It was published in 2006.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unita_Blackwell
The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the dedicated Communist but instead the people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction, true and false, no longer exists -- Hannah Arendt.